Native American Leader, Physician, and Anthropologist. In 1858 in Minnesota Charles Alexander Eastman was born a Santee Dakota Sioux. At a young age he helped win a tribal lacrosse match and earned the name Ohiyesa (the Winner). His great-grandfather was Seth Eastman, an artist whose paintings still hang in the White House. His grandfather was Cloud Man, one of the earliest Santee converts to Christianity. His father fled to Canada to avoid arrest for his part in the Uprising of 1862. His father was captured and sentenced to hang with more than 300 other Sioux. Because of the intervention of President Abraham Lincoln, his father's sentence was reduced to prison time. Having converted to Christianity his father was then released and became a farmer. Charles grew up near Flandreau, Dakota Territory (now South Dakota) where he attended the local Indian school. Two years later he attended boarding school at Santee, Nebraska. Later he attended Beloit College, Knox Collage, Kimball Union Academy, and graduated from Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. Besides his academic studies at Dartmouth, he was captain of the football team and played on the tennis, baseball, and boxing teams. In addition he set an all collegiate record in long distance running. Lastly, he graduated from Boston University's Medical School in June 1890 with honors. He was the first Native American to be certified in Western medicine. His first job was at the Pine Ridge Indian Agency, South Dakota. There he met his future wife, Elaine Goodale, a published writer, poet, and Indian activist. She was the supervisor of Indian education in the Dakotas. Charles and Elaine went to Wounded Knee the day after the massacre in December of 1890 as part of the rescue team, finding over 200 frozen bodies. On June 18, 1891 they were married at the Church of the Ascension in New York City. The couple fought the corruption within the Pine Ridge Agency, and in 1893 he was fired. They moved to St. Paul, Minnesota where he unsuccessfully practiced medicine since the authorities did not believe him to be qualified as a doctor because he was an Indian. In 1902 he wrote his book Indian Boyhood. Between 1903 and 1909 he was in charge of a program to give the Sioux English names and provide a lineage to protect property rights. In 1910, he helped found the Boy Scouts and published their first Guidebook. Other books followed. In addition, he founded 32 Native American chapters of the YMCA and served as an advisor for the founding of the Campfire Girls. In 1915, the Eastmans opened a summer camp for girls at Granite Lake, New Hampshire. The Eastmans had six children, five girls and a boy. In 1921 the loss of their daughter, Irene, caused the Eastmans to separate. Charles lived in Detroit, Michigan for a number of years with his son, Charles. Between 1923 and 1925 he was appointed as inspector of complaints against Indian agencies. He attained a parcel of land as a summer home on the north bank of Lake Huron, near Desbarats, Ontario. In winter he lived in Detroit where he died of a heart attack on January 8, 1939. Services were held at the William R. Hamilton Chapel in Detroit on January 11. For years, he was buried in an unmarked grave in section 9, lot B, grave 1 at Evergreen Cemetery in Detroit. In 1984 the Dartmouth Alumni Club and Eastman biographer Raymond Wilson donated a grave marker at that location. In the 1960s, with the revival of interests in Native Americans, his body was laid to rest In Sioux Falls, South Dakota.