French Royalty. He was styled Duc de Montpensier at birth; upon the death of his grandfather acceded to the title Duc de Chartres (1752); and upon the death of his father inherited the title Duc d'Orléans (1785). His family descended from a younger branch of the French royal family founded by Philippe, Duc d'Orléans, the younger surviving son of King Louis XIII and the only surviving sibling of Louis XIV. He was the Premier Prince du Sang, or in English the Premier Prince of the Blood, a title indicating he was the next closest male to the French throne after the immediate male relatives of the French monarch. Already one of the wealthiest men in France, his wealth was greatly augmented by his marriage to his cousin, Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon, the daughter and eventually the sole heiress of Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duc de Penthièvre. They had six children, four surviving to adulthood, but he also fathered other children outside of his marriage. A brief career in the French navy was undistinguished. His relationship with King Louis XVI was tenuous, at best, and his relationship with Queen Marie Antoinette could best be described as one of mutual dislike. The Duc d'Orléans was far more liberal in his beliefs than other members of the royal family and he advocated for a constitutional monarchy and the separation of church and state. Greatly influenced by the philosophes of the Enlightenment, especially Rousseau, he was a member of the Société des amis de la Constitution, which later changed its name to the Société des Jacobins, amis de la liberté et de l'égalité, more simply known as the Jacobins, the most influential political club during the French Revolution, the period for which the Duc d'Orléans is best known. Elected a member of the Estates General, he led a faction of nobles who left it in order to join the newly formed National Assembly. He was widely blamed as being responsible for the Women's March on Versailles in 1789, accused of conspiring to replace Louis XVI as the French monarch. Wishing to more closely ally himself with the people and the Revolution, he changed his name to Philippe Égalité and was referred to as Citoyen Égalité. He shocked the nobility and members of the royal family when he voted for the execution of King Louis XVI. His downfall came through the actions of his son, Louis Philippe, who as a General in the French Army conspired with General Charles-François du Périer Dumouriez to initiate contact with Austria, with whom France was then at war. Although no evidence personally implicated him in the scheme, his familial relationship was sufficient reason for the Revolutionaries to have him imprisoned and tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal, where he was sentenced to death and sent to the guillotine the same day as his sentence was rendered.