Politician. He rose to become the leader of the French Socialist Party at the beginning of the 20th century. After the organization morphed into the French Section of the Workers' International in 1905, he worked to stem the tensions in Europe that were leading to war. He was anti-militant and considered one of France's most celebrated politicians, social thinkers, and anti-war campaigners. He was assassinated by Raoul Villain, a French Nationalist, only a month after Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in Serbia, an event that touched off World War I. After being held in jail for five years awaiting trial, Villain was acquitted in 1919, provoking a huge demonstration of 100,000, which met with resistance from police, with two socialist demonstrators being killed. Adding to the controversy, Jaures' widow was required to pay the court cost of the trial. Receiving some money through an inheritance, Villain escaped to Spain as he was not welcomed in France. During the Spanish Civil War, Villain was later killed in the first stages of the war by the Republicans in 1936. By August 4, 1919, when Jaurès was buried in his original grave site, all the major powers of Europe were officially at war, a war which he tried to stop. Born Auguste Marie Joseph Jean Léon Jaurès, he taught philosophy for two years at the Albi lycée before lecturing at the University of Toulouse. He was educated at the Lycée Sainte-Barbe in Paris, admitted first at the École normale supérieure in philosophy in 1878, and obtained his agrégation of philosophy in 1881. Jaurès became a highly influential historian of the French Revolution. Leaving academia for politics, he was co-founder of France's main socialist newspaper, "L'Humanite," authoring several political articles. He was a member of the French Chamber of Deputies from 1885 to 1889, 1893 to 1898, and 1902 until his death. He played a big part in freeing Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish army officer, who was falsely convicted of giving intelligence to the Germans and sentenced to Devil Island. In 1897 he was physically assaulted in the National Assembly for denouncing this travesty of justice. He was an excellent political orator and organizer. As a highly recognized historical leader of the French Left, he has thousands of streets, schools, metro stations, and public squares named after him, along with books, songs, and films telling his saga. It has been said that only former 20th-century president Charles de Gaulle has more French real estate dedicated to his memory. With much ceremony, Jean Jaures' ashes entered the Pantheon in November of 1924.