Pioneer Psychiatrist. Carl Jung, a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, became one of the most influential psychiatrists of the 20th century. Born the only surviving son of a pastor in the Swiss Reformed Church, he received an M.D. in 1902 from the University of Zurich. After the deaths of three infants, his mother suffered depression to the point of being hospitalized when he was a child. He began his career as an Assistant Staff Physician at the Burgholzli Mental Clinic in Zurich in 1902. It was during this time that he first met "the Father of Psychoanalysis," Sigmund Freud. In 1906 he sent Freud a copy of his book, "Studies in Word Association." He served as the editor of the "Yearbook for Psychoanalytical and Psychopathological Research." When the International Psychoanalytical Association formed in 1910, he became president at the request of Freud. He and Freud became colleagues and traveled to the United States, lecturing at Clark College in Massachusetts; both received honorary doctorate degrees from the college. His role in the relationship was that of pupil to Freud's role as learned mentor. Later, he served as a lecturer in Psychiatry at the University of Zurich, working closely with Freud until their break in 1913, which was over him publicly disagreeing with Freud. In 1912 he published his book, "Psychology of the Unconscious," which gave theories that disagreed with Freud's. In 1912, he traveled to the United States to give a six-week series of lectures at Fordham University in New York City. For weeks prior to World War I, he had dreams of mass destruction in Europe with many deaths. During World War I, he was drafted into the German Army, serving as a physician, and made commandant of a Prisoner of War camp for British officers and soldiers. After this experience, he wrote "Seven Sermons to the Dead" in 1917. His groundbreaking work introduced the theories of introversion; extroversion; Anima and Animus; and the collective unconscious to the medical community. His theory was that the collective unconscious refers to how the mind organizes its experiences from the experiences of a person's ancestors and surroundings, and this ability is part of one's DNA. He kept a detailed journal which has been published in seven volumes. In 1925 he traveled with a group to East Africa staying mainly in Kenya and Uganda on the ambitious expedition called the "Bugishu Psychological Expedition," for the purpose of studying primitive psychology from the indigenous people of the area. Language was a barrier of these interviews. From 1924 to 1936, he made three trips to the United States lecturing in various universities including Yale University. In June 1933 the German Society for Psychotherapy (GSP) came under the control of the Nazi Party, with the appointment of Matthias Göring, and at that point, he resigned from the group. Any more involvement with the Nazi Party was simply out of convenience. In December of 1936, he traveled with a group to India to study Hindu psychology, but the trip was cut short as he became seriously ill with a delirious fever, staying in a Calcutta hospital for two weeks. In 1936 he published "Psychology and Religion." Being one of the first psychologists publishing on the subject of religion, he addressed faith in his most controversial writings, the "Answer to Job." In 1935 after a series of lectures at the Tavistock Clinic in North London, he published the lectures in a collection. In 1938 he gave the presidential address at the tenth International Medical Congress for Psychotherapy, which was held at Oxford, and he received an honorary doctorate degree from Oxford University. He was appointed Honorary Member of the Royal Society of Medicine in 1939. In 1943 he became a full professor at the University of Basel, but resigned the next year after a heart attack. He had another heart attack in 1952, but remained active authoring more books, "Flying Saucers: A Modern Myth of Things Seen in the Skies" in 1959 and "Approaching the Unconscious, which was published posthumously in 1964. On Valentine's Day 1903, he married Emma Marie Rauschenbach, a psychoanalyst. Upon the death of his father-in-law in 1905, he became financially secured. The couple had five children and his wife died in 1955. He wrote his autobiography, "Memories, Dreams, Reflections," which was published posthumously in 1962. Among his many honors, he received the 1932 Literature Prize in Zurich. He received a total of nine honorary doctorate degrees including one from Harvard University and one from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich in 1955 on his 80th birthday. Comparing his writings to Freud's, critics say that his writings are more technical than a layperson can understand. He died without ever having presented a systematic summary of basic principles of Jungian psychology. His grave marker is unique, bearing Latin inscriptions, other family members names buried in the plot, and the family's coat of arms.