Alexandria National Cemetery is located north of Alexandria, Louisiana, across the Red River in the city of Pineville. The 8.2-acre cemetery was established in 1867 as a final resting place for Union soldiers who died in Civil War battles fought in Louisiana and eastern Texas. The region was the site of numerous conflicts related to the Red River Campaign, an unsuccessful Union drive to capture Shreveport and areas of eastern Texas. Alexandria's strategic position along the Red River made it a valuable possession for the competing armies. Today, more than 10,000 veterans are buried at the cemetery, including several Buffalo Soldiers, men who served in African American regiments of the U.S. Army established shortly after the Civil War. Alexandria National Cemetery has a superintendent's lodge and rostrum dating from the 1930s.

Two years after the Civil War, in 1867, the U.S. government purchased 8.2 acres from local resident François Poussin to establish a national cemetery. The property, located east of Alexandria in the town of Pineville, became the final resting place for Union soldiers who had died in battle during the Red River Campaign. The military transferred the remains from sites at Cotile Landing, Fort De Russy, Yellow Bayou, Pleasant Hill, and other campaign battlefields. They also moved fallen Union soldiers originally buried in Jefferson and Tyler, Texas, to the Alexandria National Cemetery.

In 1909, the United States Army abandoned Fort Brown, Texas, and its associated Brownsville National Cemetery. The U.S. government contracted a private firm to transfer and reinter the remains of 3,800 soldiers from Brownsville National Cemetery to Alexandria National Cemetery. Most of the soldiers originally interred at Brownsville were casualties of the Mexican-American War, the Civil War, and an 1885-86 yellow fever epidemic. Major Jacob Brown, for whom the fort was named, is now buried at Alexandria. One grave at Alexandria contains the remains of 1,537 unknown soldiers originally buried at the Brownsville Cemetery.

Remains were also transferred from Fort Ringgold, in Rio Grande City, Texas. A gray granite monument marks a grave containing the remains of 16 unknown soldiers from the Texas fort.

Alexandria National Cemetery is the final resting place of many "Buffalo Soldiers." These soldiers served in the 24th and 25th Infantries, in addition to the 9th and 10th Cavalries formed just after the Civil War; both were important assets during the Indian Wars of the late 1800s. These regiments, as well as later segregated regiments, also saw service in the Spanish-American War, World War I and World War II. The U.S. military began to desegregate its forces in 1952.