Pharaoh. Served as the tenth and last monarch of the 20th dynasty from about 1104 to 1075 BC. His reign was marked by a division of control in Egypt between the north and south. Persistent trouble from Libyan marauders threatened the West Bank of the Nile, tomb robberies, famine, and civil war wracked his reign. The power of the High Priest of Amun, Amenhotep, who had himself depicted on the same scale as the pharaoh on two reliefs at Karnak, had reached the point where he became a threat to the monarchy. Panehsy, the viceroy of Nubia, marched north with Nubian troops, apparently at the request of Ramesses XI, between years 17 and 19 of his reign, where he besieged the high priest at the fortified temple of Medinet Habu. With the high priest's fall, Theban society disintegrated into near anarchy; tomb robbery became rife, on the west bank the funerary temples of the 19th and 20th dynasties were plundered by the priests and necropolis staff. Overstepping his authority, Paneshy then marched north, reaching as far as Hardai in Middle Egypt, which he sacked. His unauthorized advance was met by the king's army and he was driven back. Paneshy eventually retreated to Nubia. The army of the Pharaoh, under the leadership of a general Piankh, pushed into Thebes, where he seems to have usurped power from the monarch. Piankh then waged an unsuccessful war against Pinhasy in Nubia, losing the province. Beginning in the 19th year of the pharaoh's reign, Herihor emerged from the military and restored order, becoming high priest of Amon. Herihor ruled southern Egypt in an apparent arrangement with Ramses XI delineating each other's sphere of influence. Upon the death of Ramses, Hrihor and Ramses' successor, Smendes divided the rule of Egypt between them. Ramses' death marked the end of the Twentieth Dynasty and the New Kingdom. Ramses XI had a tomb excavated in the Valley of the Kings, now designated KV4, but was never finished, and was not used by the pharaoh. The tomb has been open since antiquity and apparently was put to use as a workshop where some of the royal mummies in the process of being transferred to other hiding places were stored. It has also been used as a dwelling and a stable by the Copts. In 1979 it was excavated by John Romer. Ramses XI may have decided for burial elsewhere, perhaps in the north. To date his mummy has not been identified.