Author, Political Philosopher. He was a German-American author, who co-founded the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt in 1929 along with Max Horkheimer and Theodore Adorno. Although Adorno and Horkheimer are considered the "Fathers of the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt," Marcuse was there in the beginning. The facility was purely an academic enterprise, which included "Marxist workshops." Born in an upper-middle class Jewish household, little is documented about his childhood. During World War I, he was drafted into the German Army in 1916 at age 18, yet did not see combat as he cared for the infantry's horses. This was the point in his life that he became interested in politics including Marxism. After the war, he participated briefly in the Spartacist uprising in 1918. He was educated at Humboldt University of Berlin, receiving his PhD at The University of Freiburg, studying World Literature and Philosophy. He often found employment in bookstores. After he was not allowed to finish his professor's dissertation and the Institute was forced to close, Marcuse escaped Germany when Adolph Hitler's National Socialist regime came to power in 1933 with its anti-Semitism practices. First, he escaped to Geneva, before New York City in July of 1934. With the support of his colleague, Horkheime, the Institute for Social Research in Frankfort was relocated in exile to Columbia University in New York City, but with financial difficulties, the facility became bankrupt and closed in 1941. Between December of 1942 and 1950, he was employed by the United States government at the Office of Strategic Service, which was the forerunner of the Central Intelligence Agency. Unlike his colleagues, he did not return to Germany after the war, where the Institute of Social Research reopened in Frankfurt by 1950. After becoming known as a Marxist scholar, he established an academic career in the United States, first at Columbia University in New York City, where he was given a grant to study the Cold War, then at Harvard University until 1954. He taught at Brandeis University in Massachusetts from 1954 to 1965. In 1958 he published "Soviet Marxism: A Critical Analysis" and "Eros and Civilization," which was dedicated to his wife Sophie, and "One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society" in 1964. He lectured widely to antiwar activists, praising their resistance to the Vietnam War. In 1965 his contract with the more conservative university was not renewed, thus he transferred to the University of California, San Diego, becoming an honorary emeritus professor of philosophy in 1976. After he wrote at least twelve very left-wing liberal books, including, "An Essay on Liberation" in 1969, "Counterrevolution and Revolt" in 1972 and others, he was not welcomed at the more conservative universities. His books influenced many next-generation American professors as part of the New Left as well as leftist student movements of the 1960s, especially the 1968 student rebellions in Paris, West Berlin and at Columbia University in New York City. He had many speaking engagements in the United States and Europe in the late 1960s and in the 1970s. In Germany on a lecture tour, he died of a stroke while visiting Sternberg. He had become in his lifetime one of few American intellectuals to gain wide international attention. As a widower twice, he married three times. He had a son, born 1928, with his first wife, Sophie Wertheim, who was a mathematician that worked for the United States Naval Intelligence. The couple's marriage was from 1924 until her death from cancer in 1951. In 2003, his ashes, which were kept in the United States for some years, were buried in Berlin with a private Jewish service. The Berlin Senate designated his burial site as an honorary grave.