U.S. President, U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice and U.S. Cabinet Secretary. A member of the Republican Party, he served as the 27th United States President from 1909 until 1913 and the 10th Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1921 until 1930, the only person to have served in both offices. He was the son of Alphonso Taft, a lawyer who served as Secretary of War and Attorney General under President Ulysses S. Grant. After graduating from Woodward High School in Cincinnati, Ohio, he attended Yale College (now Yale University) in New Haven, Connecticut, graduating in 1878. He then attended Cincinnati Law School and graduated in 1880 with a Bachelor of Laws Degree and was admitted to the Ohio bar and appointed Assistant Prosecutor of Hamilton County, Ohio. In 1882, he was appointed local Collector of Internal Revenue and in 1887, he became a judge of the Superior Court of Cincinnati. In 1890, President Benjamin Harrison appointed him US Solicitor General and the following year, he was appointed to the newly created United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. In 1900, President William McKinley appointed him chairman of a commission to organize a civilian government in the Philippines which had been ceded to the U.S. by Spain, following the Spanish-American War and the 1898 Treaty of Paris. From 1901 to 1904, he served as the first civilian Governor-General of the Philippines, and he returned to the U.S. when President Theodore Roosevelt appointed him to his Cabinet as Secretary of War. In September 1906, he initiated the Second Occupation of Cuba when he established the Provisional Government of Cuba under the terms of the Cuban American Treaty of Relations of 1903 (the Platt Amendment), declaring himself Provisional Governor of Cuba. The U.S. sent troops to restore order in Cuba during the revolt led by General Enrique Loynaz del Castillo, and he became the Civil Governor of Cuba for about two weeks, personally negotiating with Castillo for a peaceful end to the revolt. In 1907, Roosevelt began touting Taft as the best choice for the Presidential nomination of the Republican Party and in 1908, he secured the nomination on the first ballot at the party's convention. His Democratic opponent was William Jennings Bryan who had run two previous times, and in the end, he won by almost 160 electoral votes, giving Bryan his worst loss in three presidential campaigns. However, he garnered just 51 percent of the popular vote. During his term as President, his domestic agenda emphasized trust-busting, civil service reform, strengthening the Interstate Commerce Commission, improving the performance of the postal service, creation the Chamber of Commerce organization, and passage of the 16th Amendment (which became a part of the US Constitution in February 1913), that allowed the federal government to tax incomes. He was the first President to introduce the automobile in official Washington DC life. His foreign policy sought to further the economic development of nations in Latin America and Asia through "Dollar Diplomacy," and showed decisiveness and restraint in response to the revolution in Mexico that started in 1910. He was task-oriented and was oblivious to the political ramifications of his decisions, often alienated his own key constituencies, and was overwhelmingly defeated in his bid for a second term in the presidential election of 1912, due in large part his low public approval rating coupled with Theodore Roosevelt's creation of the Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party that split the Republican vote and allowed the Democratic challenger, Woodrow Wilson, to easily win. In 1913, after leaving the White House, he was appointed the Chancellor Kent Professor of Law and Legal History at Yale Law School and was elected president of the American Bar Association. He opposed the 18th Amendment (prohibition of alcohol) and was a strong advocate of world peace through international arbitration, urging nations to enter into arbitration treaties with each other and promoting the idea of a League of Nations even before the World War I began. In June 1921 he was nominated by President Warren G. Harding to replace Chief U.S. Supreme Court Justice Edward Douglass White who had died. With minimal opposition in the U.S. Senate, he was confirmed and took the oath of office the following month and his ultimate dream came true. In 1922, he traveled to England to study the procedural structure of the English courts and to learn how they dropped such a large number of cases quickly, which led to the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1925, allowing the Supreme Court to give preference to what they believed to be cases of national importance and allowed the Court to work more efficiently. In 1929, he successfully argued for the construction of a separate and more spacious U.S. Supreme Court building, reasoning that it needed to distance itself from the Congress as a separate branch of the federal government. In February 1930, he retired from the U.S. Supreme Court due to ill health caused by being hugely overweight (over 300 pounds) and high blood pressure, and he died five weeks later at his home from cardiovascular disease at the age of 72. The new U.S. Supreme Court building was completed in 1935, five years after his death. He was the father of Ohio U.S. Senator and Republican leader Robert A. Taft I who served from 1939 until his death in 1953 and Charles Phelps Taft II, who served as Mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio from 1955 to 1957. His grandson, Robert Taft, Jr., served a term as a US Senator from Ohio from 1971 to 1977, and his great-grandson, Robert A. "Bob" Taft III, served as the Governor of Ohio from 1999 to 2007. He is the last President to have sported facial hair while in office.