Elijah was a Deacon in Nazareth Baptist Church. A tall man, he dressed up in a suit and tie and he wore a hat on Sundays. It was said that he was a Prince Hall Mason. The Golden Rule #11 Lodge was established in Opelika in 1970. It is thought he probably knew how to read and write as did his wife, Rosa Lee.
He did not drink alcohol, did not smoke, or use ready rolls, or dip snuff. He did not play cards or gamble.
His wife, Rosa Lee, was active in the church as well. People came from all around so the congregation was at least a hundred adults.
They went to church every Sunday. Granddaughter Clara Mae Spencer was baptized there wearing a white gown over clothing. Her grandfather Elijah did not live to be a witness.
Elijah died as a result of injuries he sustained in an accident. He was walking home from Opelika when offered a ride. He apparently exited a seat on the back of a pick-up truck slower than the driver noticed. He fell to the ground. He was very near his home. It is thought he was taken to a hospital in Tuskegee (23 miles away) for treatment and then died at home soon after the accident at the age of 74 years.
Clara was a teenager when baptized. There was an outdoors pool (4x6 feet) for baptisms. After church, Clara stepped down into the pool, the preacher was already inside the pool, placed his hand over her nose, and dunked. Her parents were not present as they were working for Republic Steel in Warren, Ohio.
Grandson James W. was baptized on a different Sunday.
Grandson Otis Lee was not baptized due to a lack of interest on his part.
His godparent was John Lee Hughley, his first cousin who had named Otis.
Otis defined godparent as someone who named you. John Lee Hughley was the son of Leola Hughley Morgan and brother of Rosa Lee "Dauber" Hughley Jones.
The family rode in a wagon pulled by two mules. There was a bench seat.
Sometimes Uncle Charlie would drive the wagon.
Ida was a brown mule and Gray was named for its color.
Sunday School was at nine and church services started later. The family walked to church after Elijah died and before they moved to Auburn.
They lived on the Jack Story place which was was several miles away.
Willie B. Jones and his wife Rosa L., granddaughter to Elijah and Rosa Lee, lived close to Nazareth. They later moved to Warren, Ohio, along with many family members. It was an opportunity to leave sharecropping behind.
Lena's youngest son was a favorite of his Grandpa Elijah. Otis was often in trouble with his brother and his five boy cousins because he liked to aggravate them so he would run to his grandfather and jump into his lap for protection. Otis did get into trouble for baptizing a chicken. The chicken survived. Grandma Rosa Lee had to sometimes use a switch on Otis as a reminder to listen. It was the custom.
Elijah was the farmer. Growing sugar cane, harvesting, rolling it out, producing syrup that was stored in cans was one endeavor. Planting cotton, the cash crop, was another. Otis and his young Hughley cousin would carry water cans for the family members. Picking cotton was hard on the hands.
Medical Resources for African-Americans:
Dr. John Wesley Darden (1876-1949) settled in Opelika in 1903.
Dr. Eugene A. Lindsey (1888-1955).
On February 9, 1876, the City of Opelika paid D.B. Preston $80 for two acres of land to establish an African-American section of Rosemere Cemetery. This rectangular area of the cemetery contains 176 blocks, with 16 being partial blocks. A full block has 32 grave spaces.
Dr. John Wesley Darden (1876-1949) settled in Opelika in 1903. He became the first African-American doctor within a 30 mile radius. He married Miss Maude Jean Logan. After they were married, Dr. and Mrs. Darden made house calls in his horse and buggy. Dr. Darden opened a drug store on Avenue A and recruited his brother, John Benjamin "J.B." Darden, as his partner. J.B. had recently graduated and was a registered pharmacist. Two other doctors are also buried in Rosemere: Dr. William F. Clark (1882-1966) and Dr. Eugene A. Lindsey (1888-1955).
----------
Source: Wikipedia
"In the South itself the interpretation of the tumultuous 1860s differed sharply by race. Americans often interpreted great events in religious terms. Historian Wilson Fallin contrasts the interpretation of Civil War and Reconstruction in white versus black using Baptist sermons in Alabama. Whites preachers expressed the view that:
God had chastised them and given them a special mission – to maintain orthodoxy, strict biblicism, personal piety, and traditional race relations. Slavery, they insisted, had not been sinful. Rather, emancipation was a historical tragedy and the end of Reconstruction was a clear sign of God's favor.
In sharp contrast, Black preachers interpreted the Civil War, emancipation and Reconstruction as:
God's gift of freedom. They appreciated opportunities to exercise their independence, to worship in their own way, to affirm their worth and dignity, and to proclaim the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man. Most of all, they could form their own churches, associations, and conventions. These institutions offered self-help and racial uplift, and provided places where the gospel of liberation could be proclaimed. As a result, black preachers continued to insist that God would protect and help him; God would be their rock in a stormy land.[24]"
----------
The Jim Crow laws were racial segregation laws enacted after the Reconstruction period in Southern United States, at state and local levels, and which continued in force until 1965, which mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities in Southern states of the former Confederacy, with, starting in 1890, a "separate but equal" status for African Americans.
The separation in practice led to conditions for African Americans that were inferior to those provided for white Americans, systematizing a number of economic, educational and social disadvantages. De jure segregation mainly applied to the Southern United States, while Northern segregation was generally de facto — patterns of segregation in housing enforced by covenants, bank lending practices and job discrimination, including discriminatory union practices for decades.
Jim Crow laws mandated the segregation of public schools, public places and public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and blacks. (Signage was posted "white" and "colored.")
The U.S. military was also segregated, as were federal workplaces, initiated in 1913 under President Woodrow Wilson, the first Southern president since 1856. His administration practiced overt racial discrimination in hiring, requiring candidates to submit photos.
These Jim Crow laws followed the 1800–1866 Black Codes, which had previously restricted the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans with no pretense of equality. State-sponsored school segregation was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education. Generally, the remaining Jim Crow laws were overruled by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America (100 images)
James Allen (Author, Editor) Publication Date: February 1, 2000
The Tuskegee Institute records the lynching of 3,436 blacks between 1882 and 1950. This is probably a small percentage of these murders, which were seldom reported, and led to the creation of the NAACP in 1909, an organization dedicated to passing federal anti-lynching laws.
---------
Described as a Southern President because he was born in Virginia, then when Woodrow was three years old the family moved to Augusta, Georgia. The Civil War or The War for Southern Independence (1861-1865) was difficult for the Wilsons. Dr. Wilson was an ardent Confederate sympathizer, and young Woodrow Wilson witnessed the ruthless behavior of federal troops who, under General William T. Sherman, invaded Georgia and South Carolina. Wilson believed all his life that the South had “absolutely nothing to apologize for,” so far as its secession from the Union was concerned. He believed further that the South's willingness to shed its blood “rather than pursue the weak course of expediency” had preserved its self-respect. Wilson remained a Southerner throughout his life.
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921 and leader of the Progressive Movement. To date he is the only U.S. President to have held a Ph.D., he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910. He was Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913, and led his Democratic Party to win control of both the White House and Congress in 1912.
Though he sought and received support from many in the black community, he permitted racial segregation of the Post Office, the U.S. Treasury Department, and the Navy, and his record on race as both a historian and as President has been criticized by contemporary scholars.
The racist but technically acclaimed "Birth of a Nation" was the first silent motion picture to be screened in the White House under President Woodrow Wilson in 1915. The film is also credited as one of the events that inspired the formation of the "second era" Ku Klux Klan at Stone Mountain, Georgia, in the same year. (Stone Mountain is about 115 miles from Opelika, Alabama.) The "Birth of a Nation" was used as a recruiting tool for the KKK. David Llewelyn Wark Griffith was born January 22, 1875 in LaGrange, Kentucky. He died July 23, 1948 (aged 73) in Hollywood, California. D. W. Griffith was buried in Kentucky.
One hundred years later in January 2015, SELMA, the film directed by an African American woman, Alma DuVernay, was shown at the White House at the request of President Barrack H. Obama in the seventh year of his historic presidency.
SELMA shows the violence and hatred still alive in the 1960's and the powerful role of Dr. Martin Luther King and somewhat, President Lyndon Johnson in fighting for civil rights and voting rights.
---------
THE NEW MIND OF THE SOUTH by Tracey Thompson (2013)
is an excellent resource for understanding the white southern mindset post Civil War. Pre-Civil War Alexander Stephens proclaimed that slavery was the 'cornerstone' of Southern society; Post-Civil War, he echoed the common version that it was "a noble but doomed effort on the part of the South to preserve self-government against federal intrusion, but it had little to do with slavery." (President Lincoln noted in his second inaugural address that there was not any doubt that the billions of dollars in property represented by the South's roughly four million slaves was somehow at the root of everything...")
Alexander H. Stephens was the vice president of the Confederacy under Jefferson Davis, its president. Born near Crawfordville, Ga., in 1812, Stephens graduated from the University of Georgia at Athens in 1832. He was later admitted to the bar in Crawfordville in 1834.
After the Civil War, Stephens was imprisoned in Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, for five months, until October 1865.
Stephens was elected governor of Georgia in 1882 and served until his death in Atlanta, Ga., on March 4, 1883.
Tracey Thompson writes: "There has been a vigorous, sustained effort by Southerns to literally rewrite history so that the real causes of the war were swept under the rug to better facilitate economic partnerships and sentimental reunions of Civil War veterans."
She continues: "It is no wonder that the so-called Southern Renaissance of the 1930s happened outside academia, in the field of fiction." Margaret
Mitchell's 1936 novel GONE WITH THE WIND had a more lasting influence on public perception about the South."
---------
Elijah's Middle Brother Charlie, Jr.
Ten years younger than Elijah and five years older than Gabriel.
Never married. Family handyman and builder of furniture.
Uncle Charlie asked to see his grandnephew Otis Lee Spencer, age 11, before he died a months later at the home of Whit and Mary Morgan. The Morgans later moved to Warren.
Otis was driven, along with his mother Lena, to Opelika, Alabama from Warren, Ohio to see his Great Uncle Charlie before his uncle died.
Name: Charlie Hugley, Jr
Born: 1885
Death Date: 13 Jan 1949
Death County: Lee, Alabama
Volume: 3
Certificate: 1071
Roll: 5
-------------
Gabriel (Gabe) Hughley
Born: 1889
WW1 Army Veteran. Tombstone in Nazareth Baptist Church Cemetery, Opelika. It was placed by the VFW. Otis Spencer took photo of it in 2011 while visiting area with Cousin James.
-------
1900 census Meadows Crossroads
Father Charlie and married son Elijah are on same page of census.
Name: Charlie Hugle
Age: 60
Birth Date: 1840
Birthplace: Georgia
Home in 1900: Meadows Crossroads, Lee, Alabama
Race: Black
Gender: Male
Relation to Head of House: Head
Marital Status: Married
Spouse's Name: Carrie Hugle
Marriage Year: 1867
Years Married: 33
Household Members:
Name Age
Charlie Hugle 60
Carrie Hugle 60
Louisa Hugle 25
Ida Hugle 23
Ruth Hugle 17
Charlie Hugle 14
Princilla Hugle 12
Gabriel Hugle 8
Josephine Hugle 6
Elizabeth Hugle 18
Reese Hugle 9
--------
Name: Elijah Hugle (Son)
[Elizah Hugle]
Age: 27
Birth Date: Aug 1877
Birthplace: Alabama
Home in 1900: Meadows Crossroads, Lee, Alabama
Race: Black
Gender: Male
Relation to Head of House: Head
Marital Status: Married
Spouse's Name: Rosa L Hugle
Marriage Year: 1899
Years Married: 1
Father's Birthplace: Georgia
Mother's Birthplace: Alabama
Household Members:
Name Age
Elijah Hugle 27
Rosa L Hugle 20
Mattie B Hugle 6/12
--------------
BLACK PUBLICATIONS
In Lee County there were none but maybe in Tuskeegee.
Most of the Black folks in rural areas could not read even with a second or third grade education and advertisers could not sell more.
Publications targeted to African American audiences that featured illustrations and photographs began appearing in the early 1900s. One of the earliest to effectively use illustrations and photography was The Crisis, the official publication of the NAACP. Seeking to educate and inform its readers with scholarly articles, the covers of the journal and its entertainment section were designed to appeal to the masses of African Americans.
In the 1930s, we see pictorial magazines such as Abbott’s Monthly, published by Robert Sengstacke Abbott, the founder of the Chicago Defender newspaper, and Flash, which billed itself as a “weekly newspicture magazine.” Published in Washington, D.C., Flash contained a mixture of news, gossip and advertisements and articles on racial issues, providing an overview of the highs and the lows of Black life in the 1930's.
In 1942, African American businessman John H. Johnson founded the Johnson Publishing Company, a corporation that would go on to publish the well-known magazines Ebony, Jet, Tan, and Ebony Jr.
The magazines promoted African American achievements and affirmative black imagery in popular culture, which appealed to readers and to advertisers. Mr. Johnson was a savvy businessman and used the statistics of a rising black middle class to persuade companies and businesses that it was in their economic “self-interest” to advertise in his magazines to reach African American consumers.
With the success of the Johnson Publishing Company’s magazines, other magazines targeted to African Americans quickly came on the scene. For example, in 1947 Horace J. Blackwell published Negro Achievements, a magazine highlighting African American success articles and featuring reader-submitted true confessions stories. After Blackwell died in 1949, a white businessman named George Levitan bought the company and renamed the publication Sepia. This publication featured columns by writer John Howard Griffin, a white man who darkened his skin and wrote about his treatment in the segregated South, that eventually became the best-selling book Black Like Me.
Whether featuring positive images of African Americans, inspiration stories, news features or commentaries on racism, the rise of African American magazines defied long-held racial stereotypes through rich storytelling, in-depth reporting, and stunning photography.
Due to a variety of economic, editorial, and other factors, most of these magazines have ceased being published. Yet today some African American magazines are still a thriving part of popular culture. Johnson Publishing Company’s Ebony and its digital sites reach nearly 72% of African Americans and have a following of over 20.4 million people.
He did not drink alcohol, did not smoke, or use ready rolls, or dip snuff. He did not play cards or gamble.
His wife, Rosa Lee, was active in the church as well. People came from all around so the congregation was at least a hundred adults.
They went to church every Sunday. Granddaughter Clara Mae Spencer was baptized there wearing a white gown over clothing. Her grandfather Elijah did not live to be a witness.
Elijah died as a result of injuries he sustained in an accident. He was walking home from Opelika when offered a ride. He apparently exited a seat on the back of a pick-up truck slower than the driver noticed. He fell to the ground. He was very near his home. It is thought he was taken to a hospital in Tuskegee (23 miles away) for treatment and then died at home soon after the accident at the age of 74 years.
Clara was a teenager when baptized. There was an outdoors pool (4x6 feet) for baptisms. After church, Clara stepped down into the pool, the preacher was already inside the pool, placed his hand over her nose, and dunked. Her parents were not present as they were working for Republic Steel in Warren, Ohio.
Grandson James W. was baptized on a different Sunday.
Grandson Otis Lee was not baptized due to a lack of interest on his part.
His godparent was John Lee Hughley, his first cousin who had named Otis.
Otis defined godparent as someone who named you. John Lee Hughley was the son of Leola Hughley Morgan and brother of Rosa Lee "Dauber" Hughley Jones.
The family rode in a wagon pulled by two mules. There was a bench seat.
Sometimes Uncle Charlie would drive the wagon.
Ida was a brown mule and Gray was named for its color.
Sunday School was at nine and church services started later. The family walked to church after Elijah died and before they moved to Auburn.
They lived on the Jack Story place which was was several miles away.
Willie B. Jones and his wife Rosa L., granddaughter to Elijah and Rosa Lee, lived close to Nazareth. They later moved to Warren, Ohio, along with many family members. It was an opportunity to leave sharecropping behind.
Lena's youngest son was a favorite of his Grandpa Elijah. Otis was often in trouble with his brother and his five boy cousins because he liked to aggravate them so he would run to his grandfather and jump into his lap for protection. Otis did get into trouble for baptizing a chicken. The chicken survived. Grandma Rosa Lee had to sometimes use a switch on Otis as a reminder to listen. It was the custom.
Elijah was the farmer. Growing sugar cane, harvesting, rolling it out, producing syrup that was stored in cans was one endeavor. Planting cotton, the cash crop, was another. Otis and his young Hughley cousin would carry water cans for the family members. Picking cotton was hard on the hands.
Medical Resources for African-Americans:
Dr. John Wesley Darden (1876-1949) settled in Opelika in 1903.
Dr. Eugene A. Lindsey (1888-1955).
On February 9, 1876, the City of Opelika paid D.B. Preston $80 for two acres of land to establish an African-American section of Rosemere Cemetery. This rectangular area of the cemetery contains 176 blocks, with 16 being partial blocks. A full block has 32 grave spaces.
Dr. John Wesley Darden (1876-1949) settled in Opelika in 1903. He became the first African-American doctor within a 30 mile radius. He married Miss Maude Jean Logan. After they were married, Dr. and Mrs. Darden made house calls in his horse and buggy. Dr. Darden opened a drug store on Avenue A and recruited his brother, John Benjamin "J.B." Darden, as his partner. J.B. had recently graduated and was a registered pharmacist. Two other doctors are also buried in Rosemere: Dr. William F. Clark (1882-1966) and Dr. Eugene A. Lindsey (1888-1955).
----------
Source: Wikipedia
"In the South itself the interpretation of the tumultuous 1860s differed sharply by race. Americans often interpreted great events in religious terms. Historian Wilson Fallin contrasts the interpretation of Civil War and Reconstruction in white versus black using Baptist sermons in Alabama. Whites preachers expressed the view that:
God had chastised them and given them a special mission – to maintain orthodoxy, strict biblicism, personal piety, and traditional race relations. Slavery, they insisted, had not been sinful. Rather, emancipation was a historical tragedy and the end of Reconstruction was a clear sign of God's favor.
In sharp contrast, Black preachers interpreted the Civil War, emancipation and Reconstruction as:
God's gift of freedom. They appreciated opportunities to exercise their independence, to worship in their own way, to affirm their worth and dignity, and to proclaim the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man. Most of all, they could form their own churches, associations, and conventions. These institutions offered self-help and racial uplift, and provided places where the gospel of liberation could be proclaimed. As a result, black preachers continued to insist that God would protect and help him; God would be their rock in a stormy land.[24]"
----------
The Jim Crow laws were racial segregation laws enacted after the Reconstruction period in Southern United States, at state and local levels, and which continued in force until 1965, which mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities in Southern states of the former Confederacy, with, starting in 1890, a "separate but equal" status for African Americans.
The separation in practice led to conditions for African Americans that were inferior to those provided for white Americans, systematizing a number of economic, educational and social disadvantages. De jure segregation mainly applied to the Southern United States, while Northern segregation was generally de facto — patterns of segregation in housing enforced by covenants, bank lending practices and job discrimination, including discriminatory union practices for decades.
Jim Crow laws mandated the segregation of public schools, public places and public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and blacks. (Signage was posted "white" and "colored.")
The U.S. military was also segregated, as were federal workplaces, initiated in 1913 under President Woodrow Wilson, the first Southern president since 1856. His administration practiced overt racial discrimination in hiring, requiring candidates to submit photos.
These Jim Crow laws followed the 1800–1866 Black Codes, which had previously restricted the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans with no pretense of equality. State-sponsored school segregation was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education. Generally, the remaining Jim Crow laws were overruled by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America (100 images)
James Allen (Author, Editor) Publication Date: February 1, 2000
The Tuskegee Institute records the lynching of 3,436 blacks between 1882 and 1950. This is probably a small percentage of these murders, which were seldom reported, and led to the creation of the NAACP in 1909, an organization dedicated to passing federal anti-lynching laws.
---------
Described as a Southern President because he was born in Virginia, then when Woodrow was three years old the family moved to Augusta, Georgia. The Civil War or The War for Southern Independence (1861-1865) was difficult for the Wilsons. Dr. Wilson was an ardent Confederate sympathizer, and young Woodrow Wilson witnessed the ruthless behavior of federal troops who, under General William T. Sherman, invaded Georgia and South Carolina. Wilson believed all his life that the South had “absolutely nothing to apologize for,” so far as its secession from the Union was concerned. He believed further that the South's willingness to shed its blood “rather than pursue the weak course of expediency” had preserved its self-respect. Wilson remained a Southerner throughout his life.
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921 and leader of the Progressive Movement. To date he is the only U.S. President to have held a Ph.D., he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910. He was Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913, and led his Democratic Party to win control of both the White House and Congress in 1912.
Though he sought and received support from many in the black community, he permitted racial segregation of the Post Office, the U.S. Treasury Department, and the Navy, and his record on race as both a historian and as President has been criticized by contemporary scholars.
The racist but technically acclaimed "Birth of a Nation" was the first silent motion picture to be screened in the White House under President Woodrow Wilson in 1915. The film is also credited as one of the events that inspired the formation of the "second era" Ku Klux Klan at Stone Mountain, Georgia, in the same year. (Stone Mountain is about 115 miles from Opelika, Alabama.) The "Birth of a Nation" was used as a recruiting tool for the KKK. David Llewelyn Wark Griffith was born January 22, 1875 in LaGrange, Kentucky. He died July 23, 1948 (aged 73) in Hollywood, California. D. W. Griffith was buried in Kentucky.
One hundred years later in January 2015, SELMA, the film directed by an African American woman, Alma DuVernay, was shown at the White House at the request of President Barrack H. Obama in the seventh year of his historic presidency.
SELMA shows the violence and hatred still alive in the 1960's and the powerful role of Dr. Martin Luther King and somewhat, President Lyndon Johnson in fighting for civil rights and voting rights.
---------
THE NEW MIND OF THE SOUTH by Tracey Thompson (2013)
is an excellent resource for understanding the white southern mindset post Civil War. Pre-Civil War Alexander Stephens proclaimed that slavery was the 'cornerstone' of Southern society; Post-Civil War, he echoed the common version that it was "a noble but doomed effort on the part of the South to preserve self-government against federal intrusion, but it had little to do with slavery." (President Lincoln noted in his second inaugural address that there was not any doubt that the billions of dollars in property represented by the South's roughly four million slaves was somehow at the root of everything...")
Alexander H. Stephens was the vice president of the Confederacy under Jefferson Davis, its president. Born near Crawfordville, Ga., in 1812, Stephens graduated from the University of Georgia at Athens in 1832. He was later admitted to the bar in Crawfordville in 1834.
After the Civil War, Stephens was imprisoned in Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, for five months, until October 1865.
Stephens was elected governor of Georgia in 1882 and served until his death in Atlanta, Ga., on March 4, 1883.
Tracey Thompson writes: "There has been a vigorous, sustained effort by Southerns to literally rewrite history so that the real causes of the war were swept under the rug to better facilitate economic partnerships and sentimental reunions of Civil War veterans."
She continues: "It is no wonder that the so-called Southern Renaissance of the 1930s happened outside academia, in the field of fiction." Margaret
Mitchell's 1936 novel GONE WITH THE WIND had a more lasting influence on public perception about the South."
---------
Elijah's Middle Brother Charlie, Jr.
Ten years younger than Elijah and five years older than Gabriel.
Never married. Family handyman and builder of furniture.
Uncle Charlie asked to see his grandnephew Otis Lee Spencer, age 11, before he died a months later at the home of Whit and Mary Morgan. The Morgans later moved to Warren.
Otis was driven, along with his mother Lena, to Opelika, Alabama from Warren, Ohio to see his Great Uncle Charlie before his uncle died.
Name: Charlie Hugley, Jr
Born: 1885
Death Date: 13 Jan 1949
Death County: Lee, Alabama
Volume: 3
Certificate: 1071
Roll: 5
-------------
Gabriel (Gabe) Hughley
Born: 1889
WW1 Army Veteran. Tombstone in Nazareth Baptist Church Cemetery, Opelika. It was placed by the VFW. Otis Spencer took photo of it in 2011 while visiting area with Cousin James.
-------
1900 census Meadows Crossroads
Father Charlie and married son Elijah are on same page of census.
Name: Charlie Hugle
Age: 60
Birth Date: 1840
Birthplace: Georgia
Home in 1900: Meadows Crossroads, Lee, Alabama
Race: Black
Gender: Male
Relation to Head of House: Head
Marital Status: Married
Spouse's Name: Carrie Hugle
Marriage Year: 1867
Years Married: 33
Household Members:
Name Age
Charlie Hugle 60
Carrie Hugle 60
Louisa Hugle 25
Ida Hugle 23
Ruth Hugle 17
Charlie Hugle 14
Princilla Hugle 12
Gabriel Hugle 8
Josephine Hugle 6
Elizabeth Hugle 18
Reese Hugle 9
--------
Name: Elijah Hugle (Son)
[Elizah Hugle]
Age: 27
Birth Date: Aug 1877
Birthplace: Alabama
Home in 1900: Meadows Crossroads, Lee, Alabama
Race: Black
Gender: Male
Relation to Head of House: Head
Marital Status: Married
Spouse's Name: Rosa L Hugle
Marriage Year: 1899
Years Married: 1
Father's Birthplace: Georgia
Mother's Birthplace: Alabama
Household Members:
Name Age
Elijah Hugle 27
Rosa L Hugle 20
Mattie B Hugle 6/12
--------------
BLACK PUBLICATIONS
In Lee County there were none but maybe in Tuskeegee.
Most of the Black folks in rural areas could not read even with a second or third grade education and advertisers could not sell more.
Publications targeted to African American audiences that featured illustrations and photographs began appearing in the early 1900s. One of the earliest to effectively use illustrations and photography was The Crisis, the official publication of the NAACP. Seeking to educate and inform its readers with scholarly articles, the covers of the journal and its entertainment section were designed to appeal to the masses of African Americans.
In the 1930s, we see pictorial magazines such as Abbott’s Monthly, published by Robert Sengstacke Abbott, the founder of the Chicago Defender newspaper, and Flash, which billed itself as a “weekly newspicture magazine.” Published in Washington, D.C., Flash contained a mixture of news, gossip and advertisements and articles on racial issues, providing an overview of the highs and the lows of Black life in the 1930's.
In 1942, African American businessman John H. Johnson founded the Johnson Publishing Company, a corporation that would go on to publish the well-known magazines Ebony, Jet, Tan, and Ebony Jr.
The magazines promoted African American achievements and affirmative black imagery in popular culture, which appealed to readers and to advertisers. Mr. Johnson was a savvy businessman and used the statistics of a rising black middle class to persuade companies and businesses that it was in their economic “self-interest” to advertise in his magazines to reach African American consumers.
With the success of the Johnson Publishing Company’s magazines, other magazines targeted to African Americans quickly came on the scene. For example, in 1947 Horace J. Blackwell published Negro Achievements, a magazine highlighting African American success articles and featuring reader-submitted true confessions stories. After Blackwell died in 1949, a white businessman named George Levitan bought the company and renamed the publication Sepia. This publication featured columns by writer John Howard Griffin, a white man who darkened his skin and wrote about his treatment in the segregated South, that eventually became the best-selling book Black Like Me.
Whether featuring positive images of African Americans, inspiration stories, news features or commentaries on racism, the rise of African American magazines defied long-held racial stereotypes through rich storytelling, in-depth reporting, and stunning photography.
Due to a variety of economic, editorial, and other factors, most of these magazines have ceased being published. Yet today some African American magazines are still a thriving part of popular culture. Johnson Publishing Company’s Ebony and its digital sites reach nearly 72% of African Americans and have a following of over 20.4 million people.
Elijah was a Deacon in Nazareth Baptist Church. A tall man, he dressed up in a suit and tie and he wore a hat on Sundays. It was said that he was a Prince Hall Mason. The Golden Rule #11 Lodge was established in Opelika in 1970. It is thought he probably knew how to read and write as did his wife, Rosa Lee.
He did not drink alcohol, did not smoke, or use ready rolls, or dip snuff. He did not play cards or gamble.
His wife, Rosa Lee, was active in the church as well. People came from all around so the congregation was at least a hundred adults.
They went to church every Sunday. Granddaughter Clara Mae Spencer was baptized there wearing a white gown over clothing. Her grandfather Elijah did not live to be a witness.
Elijah died as a result of injuries he sustained in an accident. He was walking home from Opelika when offered a ride. He apparently exited a seat on the back of a pick-up truck slower than the driver noticed. He fell to the ground. He was very near his home. It is thought he was taken to a hospital in Tuskegee (23 miles away) for treatment and then died at home soon after the accident at the age of 74 years.
Clara was a teenager when baptized. There was an outdoors pool (4x6 feet) for baptisms. After church, Clara stepped down into the pool, the preacher was already inside the pool, placed his hand over her nose, and dunked. Her parents were not present as they were working for Republic Steel in Warren, Ohio.
Grandson James W. was baptized on a different Sunday.
Grandson Otis Lee was not baptized due to a lack of interest on his part.
His godparent was John Lee Hughley, his first cousin who had named Otis.
Otis defined godparent as someone who named you. John Lee Hughley was the son of Leola Hughley Morgan and brother of Rosa Lee "Dauber" Hughley Jones.
The family rode in a wagon pulled by two mules. There was a bench seat.
Sometimes Uncle Charlie would drive the wagon.
Ida was a brown mule and Gray was named for its color.
Sunday School was at nine and church services started later. The family walked to church after Elijah died and before they moved to Auburn.
They lived on the Jack Story place which was was several miles away.
Willie B. Jones and his wife Rosa L., granddaughter to Elijah and Rosa Lee, lived close to Nazareth. They later moved to Warren, Ohio, along with many family members. It was an opportunity to leave sharecropping behind.
Lena's youngest son was a favorite of his Grandpa Elijah. Otis was often in trouble with his brother and his five boy cousins because he liked to aggravate them so he would run to his grandfather and jump into his lap for protection. Otis did get into trouble for baptizing a chicken. The chicken survived. Grandma Rosa Lee had to sometimes use a switch on Otis as a reminder to listen. It was the custom.
Elijah was the farmer. Growing sugar cane, harvesting, rolling it out, producing syrup that was stored in cans was one endeavor. Planting cotton, the cash crop, was another. Otis and his young Hughley cousin would carry water cans for the family members. Picking cotton was hard on the hands.
Medical Resources for African-Americans:
Dr. John Wesley Darden (1876-1949) settled in Opelika in 1903.
Dr. Eugene A. Lindsey (1888-1955).
On February 9, 1876, the City of Opelika paid D.B. Preston $80 for two acres of land to establish an African-American section of Rosemere Cemetery. This rectangular area of the cemetery contains 176 blocks, with 16 being partial blocks. A full block has 32 grave spaces.
Dr. John Wesley Darden (1876-1949) settled in Opelika in 1903. He became the first African-American doctor within a 30 mile radius. He married Miss Maude Jean Logan. After they were married, Dr. and Mrs. Darden made house calls in his horse and buggy. Dr. Darden opened a drug store on Avenue A and recruited his brother, John Benjamin "J.B." Darden, as his partner. J.B. had recently graduated and was a registered pharmacist. Two other doctors are also buried in Rosemere: Dr. William F. Clark (1882-1966) and Dr. Eugene A. Lindsey (1888-1955).
----------
Source: Wikipedia
"In the South itself the interpretation of the tumultuous 1860s differed sharply by race. Americans often interpreted great events in religious terms. Historian Wilson Fallin contrasts the interpretation of Civil War and Reconstruction in white versus black using Baptist sermons in Alabama. Whites preachers expressed the view that:
God had chastised them and given them a special mission – to maintain orthodoxy, strict biblicism, personal piety, and traditional race relations. Slavery, they insisted, had not been sinful. Rather, emancipation was a historical tragedy and the end of Reconstruction was a clear sign of God's favor.
In sharp contrast, Black preachers interpreted the Civil War, emancipation and Reconstruction as:
God's gift of freedom. They appreciated opportunities to exercise their independence, to worship in their own way, to affirm their worth and dignity, and to proclaim the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man. Most of all, they could form their own churches, associations, and conventions. These institutions offered self-help and racial uplift, and provided places where the gospel of liberation could be proclaimed. As a result, black preachers continued to insist that God would protect and help him; God would be their rock in a stormy land.[24]"
----------
The Jim Crow laws were racial segregation laws enacted after the Reconstruction period in Southern United States, at state and local levels, and which continued in force until 1965, which mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities in Southern states of the former Confederacy, with, starting in 1890, a "separate but equal" status for African Americans.
The separation in practice led to conditions for African Americans that were inferior to those provided for white Americans, systematizing a number of economic, educational and social disadvantages. De jure segregation mainly applied to the Southern United States, while Northern segregation was generally de facto — patterns of segregation in housing enforced by covenants, bank lending practices and job discrimination, including discriminatory union practices for decades.
Jim Crow laws mandated the segregation of public schools, public places and public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and blacks. (Signage was posted "white" and "colored.")
The U.S. military was also segregated, as were federal workplaces, initiated in 1913 under President Woodrow Wilson, the first Southern president since 1856. His administration practiced overt racial discrimination in hiring, requiring candidates to submit photos.
These Jim Crow laws followed the 1800–1866 Black Codes, which had previously restricted the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans with no pretense of equality. State-sponsored school segregation was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education. Generally, the remaining Jim Crow laws were overruled by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America (100 images)
James Allen (Author, Editor) Publication Date: February 1, 2000
The Tuskegee Institute records the lynching of 3,436 blacks between 1882 and 1950. This is probably a small percentage of these murders, which were seldom reported, and led to the creation of the NAACP in 1909, an organization dedicated to passing federal anti-lynching laws.
---------
Described as a Southern President because he was born in Virginia, then when Woodrow was three years old the family moved to Augusta, Georgia. The Civil War or The War for Southern Independence (1861-1865) was difficult for the Wilsons. Dr. Wilson was an ardent Confederate sympathizer, and young Woodrow Wilson witnessed the ruthless behavior of federal troops who, under General William T. Sherman, invaded Georgia and South Carolina. Wilson believed all his life that the South had “absolutely nothing to apologize for,” so far as its secession from the Union was concerned. He believed further that the South's willingness to shed its blood “rather than pursue the weak course of expediency” had preserved its self-respect. Wilson remained a Southerner throughout his life.
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921 and leader of the Progressive Movement. To date he is the only U.S. President to have held a Ph.D., he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910. He was Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913, and led his Democratic Party to win control of both the White House and Congress in 1912.
Though he sought and received support from many in the black community, he permitted racial segregation of the Post Office, the U.S. Treasury Department, and the Navy, and his record on race as both a historian and as President has been criticized by contemporary scholars.
The racist but technically acclaimed "Birth of a Nation" was the first silent motion picture to be screened in the White House under President Woodrow Wilson in 1915. The film is also credited as one of the events that inspired the formation of the "second era" Ku Klux Klan at Stone Mountain, Georgia, in the same year. (Stone Mountain is about 115 miles from Opelika, Alabama.) The "Birth of a Nation" was used as a recruiting tool for the KKK. David Llewelyn Wark Griffith was born January 22, 1875 in LaGrange, Kentucky. He died July 23, 1948 (aged 73) in Hollywood, California. D. W. Griffith was buried in Kentucky.
One hundred years later in January 2015, SELMA, the film directed by an African American woman, Alma DuVernay, was shown at the White House at the request of President Barrack H. Obama in the seventh year of his historic presidency.
SELMA shows the violence and hatred still alive in the 1960's and the powerful role of Dr. Martin Luther King and somewhat, President Lyndon Johnson in fighting for civil rights and voting rights.
---------
THE NEW MIND OF THE SOUTH by Tracey Thompson (2013)
is an excellent resource for understanding the white southern mindset post Civil War. Pre-Civil War Alexander Stephens proclaimed that slavery was the 'cornerstone' of Southern society; Post-Civil War, he echoed the common version that it was "a noble but doomed effort on the part of the South to preserve self-government against federal intrusion, but it had little to do with slavery." (President Lincoln noted in his second inaugural address that there was not any doubt that the billions of dollars in property represented by the South's roughly four million slaves was somehow at the root of everything...")
Alexander H. Stephens was the vice president of the Confederacy under Jefferson Davis, its president. Born near Crawfordville, Ga., in 1812, Stephens graduated from the University of Georgia at Athens in 1832. He was later admitted to the bar in Crawfordville in 1834.
After the Civil War, Stephens was imprisoned in Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, for five months, until October 1865.
Stephens was elected governor of Georgia in 1882 and served until his death in Atlanta, Ga., on March 4, 1883.
Tracey Thompson writes: "There has been a vigorous, sustained effort by Southerns to literally rewrite history so that the real causes of the war were swept under the rug to better facilitate economic partnerships and sentimental reunions of Civil War veterans."
She continues: "It is no wonder that the so-called Southern Renaissance of the 1930s happened outside academia, in the field of fiction." Margaret
Mitchell's 1936 novel GONE WITH THE WIND had a more lasting influence on public perception about the South."
---------
Elijah's Middle Brother Charlie, Jr.
Ten years younger than Elijah and five years older than Gabriel.
Never married. Family handyman and builder of furniture.
Uncle Charlie asked to see his grandnephew Otis Lee Spencer, age 11, before he died a months later at the home of Whit and Mary Morgan. The Morgans later moved to Warren.
Otis was driven, along with his mother Lena, to Opelika, Alabama from Warren, Ohio to see his Great Uncle Charlie before his uncle died.
Name: Charlie Hugley, Jr
Born: 1885
Death Date: 13 Jan 1949
Death County: Lee, Alabama
Volume: 3
Certificate: 1071
Roll: 5
-------------
Gabriel (Gabe) Hughley
Born: 1889
WW1 Army Veteran. Tombstone in Nazareth Baptist Church Cemetery, Opelika. It was placed by the VFW. Otis Spencer took photo of it in 2011 while visiting area with Cousin James.
-------
1900 census Meadows Crossroads
Father Charlie and married son Elijah are on same page of census.
Name: Charlie Hugle
Age: 60
Birth Date: 1840
Birthplace: Georgia
Home in 1900: Meadows Crossroads, Lee, Alabama
Race: Black
Gender: Male
Relation to Head of House: Head
Marital Status: Married
Spouse's Name: Carrie Hugle
Marriage Year: 1867
Years Married: 33
Household Members:
Name Age
Charlie Hugle 60
Carrie Hugle 60
Louisa Hugle 25
Ida Hugle 23
Ruth Hugle 17
Charlie Hugle 14
Princilla Hugle 12
Gabriel Hugle 8
Josephine Hugle 6
Elizabeth Hugle 18
Reese Hugle 9
--------
Name: Elijah Hugle (Son)
[Elizah Hugle]
Age: 27
Birth Date: Aug 1877
Birthplace: Alabama
Home in 1900: Meadows Crossroads, Lee, Alabama
Race: Black
Gender: Male
Relation to Head of House: Head
Marital Status: Married
Spouse's Name: Rosa L Hugle
Marriage Year: 1899
Years Married: 1
Father's Birthplace: Georgia
Mother's Birthplace: Alabama
Household Members:
Name Age
Elijah Hugle 27
Rosa L Hugle 20
Mattie B Hugle 6/12
--------------
BLACK PUBLICATIONS
In Lee County there were none but maybe in Tuskeegee.
Most of the Black folks in rural areas could not read even with a second or third grade education and advertisers could not sell more.
Publications targeted to African American audiences that featured illustrations and photographs began appearing in the early 1900s. One of the earliest to effectively use illustrations and photography was The Crisis, the official publication of the NAACP. Seeking to educate and inform its readers with scholarly articles, the covers of the journal and its entertainment section were designed to appeal to the masses of African Americans.
In the 1930s, we see pictorial magazines such as Abbott’s Monthly, published by Robert Sengstacke Abbott, the founder of the Chicago Defender newspaper, and Flash, which billed itself as a “weekly newspicture magazine.” Published in Washington, D.C., Flash contained a mixture of news, gossip and advertisements and articles on racial issues, providing an overview of the highs and the lows of Black life in the 1930's.
In 1942, African American businessman John H. Johnson founded the Johnson Publishing Company, a corporation that would go on to publish the well-known magazines Ebony, Jet, Tan, and Ebony Jr.
The magazines promoted African American achievements and affirmative black imagery in popular culture, which appealed to readers and to advertisers. Mr. Johnson was a savvy businessman and used the statistics of a rising black middle class to persuade companies and businesses that it was in their economic “self-interest” to advertise in his magazines to reach African American consumers.
With the success of the Johnson Publishing Company’s magazines, other magazines targeted to African Americans quickly came on the scene. For example, in 1947 Horace J. Blackwell published Negro Achievements, a magazine highlighting African American success articles and featuring reader-submitted true confessions stories. After Blackwell died in 1949, a white businessman named George Levitan bought the company and renamed the publication Sepia. This publication featured columns by writer John Howard Griffin, a white man who darkened his skin and wrote about his treatment in the segregated South, that eventually became the best-selling book Black Like Me.
Whether featuring positive images of African Americans, inspiration stories, news features or commentaries on racism, the rise of African American magazines defied long-held racial stereotypes through rich storytelling, in-depth reporting, and stunning photography.
Due to a variety of economic, editorial, and other factors, most of these magazines have ceased being published. Yet today some African American magazines are still a thriving part of popular culture. Johnson Publishing Company’s Ebony and its digital sites reach nearly 72% of African Americans and have a following of over 20.4 million people.
He did not drink alcohol, did not smoke, or use ready rolls, or dip snuff. He did not play cards or gamble.
His wife, Rosa Lee, was active in the church as well. People came from all around so the congregation was at least a hundred adults.
They went to church every Sunday. Granddaughter Clara Mae Spencer was baptized there wearing a white gown over clothing. Her grandfather Elijah did not live to be a witness.
Elijah died as a result of injuries he sustained in an accident. He was walking home from Opelika when offered a ride. He apparently exited a seat on the back of a pick-up truck slower than the driver noticed. He fell to the ground. He was very near his home. It is thought he was taken to a hospital in Tuskegee (23 miles away) for treatment and then died at home soon after the accident at the age of 74 years.
Clara was a teenager when baptized. There was an outdoors pool (4x6 feet) for baptisms. After church, Clara stepped down into the pool, the preacher was already inside the pool, placed his hand over her nose, and dunked. Her parents were not present as they were working for Republic Steel in Warren, Ohio.
Grandson James W. was baptized on a different Sunday.
Grandson Otis Lee was not baptized due to a lack of interest on his part.
His godparent was John Lee Hughley, his first cousin who had named Otis.
Otis defined godparent as someone who named you. John Lee Hughley was the son of Leola Hughley Morgan and brother of Rosa Lee "Dauber" Hughley Jones.
The family rode in a wagon pulled by two mules. There was a bench seat.
Sometimes Uncle Charlie would drive the wagon.
Ida was a brown mule and Gray was named for its color.
Sunday School was at nine and church services started later. The family walked to church after Elijah died and before they moved to Auburn.
They lived on the Jack Story place which was was several miles away.
Willie B. Jones and his wife Rosa L., granddaughter to Elijah and Rosa Lee, lived close to Nazareth. They later moved to Warren, Ohio, along with many family members. It was an opportunity to leave sharecropping behind.
Lena's youngest son was a favorite of his Grandpa Elijah. Otis was often in trouble with his brother and his five boy cousins because he liked to aggravate them so he would run to his grandfather and jump into his lap for protection. Otis did get into trouble for baptizing a chicken. The chicken survived. Grandma Rosa Lee had to sometimes use a switch on Otis as a reminder to listen. It was the custom.
Elijah was the farmer. Growing sugar cane, harvesting, rolling it out, producing syrup that was stored in cans was one endeavor. Planting cotton, the cash crop, was another. Otis and his young Hughley cousin would carry water cans for the family members. Picking cotton was hard on the hands.
Medical Resources for African-Americans:
Dr. John Wesley Darden (1876-1949) settled in Opelika in 1903.
Dr. Eugene A. Lindsey (1888-1955).
On February 9, 1876, the City of Opelika paid D.B. Preston $80 for two acres of land to establish an African-American section of Rosemere Cemetery. This rectangular area of the cemetery contains 176 blocks, with 16 being partial blocks. A full block has 32 grave spaces.
Dr. John Wesley Darden (1876-1949) settled in Opelika in 1903. He became the first African-American doctor within a 30 mile radius. He married Miss Maude Jean Logan. After they were married, Dr. and Mrs. Darden made house calls in his horse and buggy. Dr. Darden opened a drug store on Avenue A and recruited his brother, John Benjamin "J.B." Darden, as his partner. J.B. had recently graduated and was a registered pharmacist. Two other doctors are also buried in Rosemere: Dr. William F. Clark (1882-1966) and Dr. Eugene A. Lindsey (1888-1955).
----------
Source: Wikipedia
"In the South itself the interpretation of the tumultuous 1860s differed sharply by race. Americans often interpreted great events in religious terms. Historian Wilson Fallin contrasts the interpretation of Civil War and Reconstruction in white versus black using Baptist sermons in Alabama. Whites preachers expressed the view that:
God had chastised them and given them a special mission – to maintain orthodoxy, strict biblicism, personal piety, and traditional race relations. Slavery, they insisted, had not been sinful. Rather, emancipation was a historical tragedy and the end of Reconstruction was a clear sign of God's favor.
In sharp contrast, Black preachers interpreted the Civil War, emancipation and Reconstruction as:
God's gift of freedom. They appreciated opportunities to exercise their independence, to worship in their own way, to affirm their worth and dignity, and to proclaim the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man. Most of all, they could form their own churches, associations, and conventions. These institutions offered self-help and racial uplift, and provided places where the gospel of liberation could be proclaimed. As a result, black preachers continued to insist that God would protect and help him; God would be their rock in a stormy land.[24]"
----------
The Jim Crow laws were racial segregation laws enacted after the Reconstruction period in Southern United States, at state and local levels, and which continued in force until 1965, which mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities in Southern states of the former Confederacy, with, starting in 1890, a "separate but equal" status for African Americans.
The separation in practice led to conditions for African Americans that were inferior to those provided for white Americans, systematizing a number of economic, educational and social disadvantages. De jure segregation mainly applied to the Southern United States, while Northern segregation was generally de facto — patterns of segregation in housing enforced by covenants, bank lending practices and job discrimination, including discriminatory union practices for decades.
Jim Crow laws mandated the segregation of public schools, public places and public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and blacks. (Signage was posted "white" and "colored.")
The U.S. military was also segregated, as were federal workplaces, initiated in 1913 under President Woodrow Wilson, the first Southern president since 1856. His administration practiced overt racial discrimination in hiring, requiring candidates to submit photos.
These Jim Crow laws followed the 1800–1866 Black Codes, which had previously restricted the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans with no pretense of equality. State-sponsored school segregation was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education. Generally, the remaining Jim Crow laws were overruled by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America (100 images)
James Allen (Author, Editor) Publication Date: February 1, 2000
The Tuskegee Institute records the lynching of 3,436 blacks between 1882 and 1950. This is probably a small percentage of these murders, which were seldom reported, and led to the creation of the NAACP in 1909, an organization dedicated to passing federal anti-lynching laws.
---------
Described as a Southern President because he was born in Virginia, then when Woodrow was three years old the family moved to Augusta, Georgia. The Civil War or The War for Southern Independence (1861-1865) was difficult for the Wilsons. Dr. Wilson was an ardent Confederate sympathizer, and young Woodrow Wilson witnessed the ruthless behavior of federal troops who, under General William T. Sherman, invaded Georgia and South Carolina. Wilson believed all his life that the South had “absolutely nothing to apologize for,” so far as its secession from the Union was concerned. He believed further that the South's willingness to shed its blood “rather than pursue the weak course of expediency” had preserved its self-respect. Wilson remained a Southerner throughout his life.
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921 and leader of the Progressive Movement. To date he is the only U.S. President to have held a Ph.D., he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910. He was Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913, and led his Democratic Party to win control of both the White House and Congress in 1912.
Though he sought and received support from many in the black community, he permitted racial segregation of the Post Office, the U.S. Treasury Department, and the Navy, and his record on race as both a historian and as President has been criticized by contemporary scholars.
The racist but technically acclaimed "Birth of a Nation" was the first silent motion picture to be screened in the White House under President Woodrow Wilson in 1915. The film is also credited as one of the events that inspired the formation of the "second era" Ku Klux Klan at Stone Mountain, Georgia, in the same year. (Stone Mountain is about 115 miles from Opelika, Alabama.) The "Birth of a Nation" was used as a recruiting tool for the KKK. David Llewelyn Wark Griffith was born January 22, 1875 in LaGrange, Kentucky. He died July 23, 1948 (aged 73) in Hollywood, California. D. W. Griffith was buried in Kentucky.
One hundred years later in January 2015, SELMA, the film directed by an African American woman, Alma DuVernay, was shown at the White House at the request of President Barrack H. Obama in the seventh year of his historic presidency.
SELMA shows the violence and hatred still alive in the 1960's and the powerful role of Dr. Martin Luther King and somewhat, President Lyndon Johnson in fighting for civil rights and voting rights.
---------
THE NEW MIND OF THE SOUTH by Tracey Thompson (2013)
is an excellent resource for understanding the white southern mindset post Civil War. Pre-Civil War Alexander Stephens proclaimed that slavery was the 'cornerstone' of Southern society; Post-Civil War, he echoed the common version that it was "a noble but doomed effort on the part of the South to preserve self-government against federal intrusion, but it had little to do with slavery." (President Lincoln noted in his second inaugural address that there was not any doubt that the billions of dollars in property represented by the South's roughly four million slaves was somehow at the root of everything...")
Alexander H. Stephens was the vice president of the Confederacy under Jefferson Davis, its president. Born near Crawfordville, Ga., in 1812, Stephens graduated from the University of Georgia at Athens in 1832. He was later admitted to the bar in Crawfordville in 1834.
After the Civil War, Stephens was imprisoned in Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, for five months, until October 1865.
Stephens was elected governor of Georgia in 1882 and served until his death in Atlanta, Ga., on March 4, 1883.
Tracey Thompson writes: "There has been a vigorous, sustained effort by Southerns to literally rewrite history so that the real causes of the war were swept under the rug to better facilitate economic partnerships and sentimental reunions of Civil War veterans."
She continues: "It is no wonder that the so-called Southern Renaissance of the 1930s happened outside academia, in the field of fiction." Margaret
Mitchell's 1936 novel GONE WITH THE WIND had a more lasting influence on public perception about the South."
---------
Elijah's Middle Brother Charlie, Jr.
Ten years younger than Elijah and five years older than Gabriel.
Never married. Family handyman and builder of furniture.
Uncle Charlie asked to see his grandnephew Otis Lee Spencer, age 11, before he died a months later at the home of Whit and Mary Morgan. The Morgans later moved to Warren.
Otis was driven, along with his mother Lena, to Opelika, Alabama from Warren, Ohio to see his Great Uncle Charlie before his uncle died.
Name: Charlie Hugley, Jr
Born: 1885
Death Date: 13 Jan 1949
Death County: Lee, Alabama
Volume: 3
Certificate: 1071
Roll: 5
-------------
Gabriel (Gabe) Hughley
Born: 1889
WW1 Army Veteran. Tombstone in Nazareth Baptist Church Cemetery, Opelika. It was placed by the VFW. Otis Spencer took photo of it in 2011 while visiting area with Cousin James.
-------
1900 census Meadows Crossroads
Father Charlie and married son Elijah are on same page of census.
Name: Charlie Hugle
Age: 60
Birth Date: 1840
Birthplace: Georgia
Home in 1900: Meadows Crossroads, Lee, Alabama
Race: Black
Gender: Male
Relation to Head of House: Head
Marital Status: Married
Spouse's Name: Carrie Hugle
Marriage Year: 1867
Years Married: 33
Household Members:
Name Age
Charlie Hugle 60
Carrie Hugle 60
Louisa Hugle 25
Ida Hugle 23
Ruth Hugle 17
Charlie Hugle 14
Princilla Hugle 12
Gabriel Hugle 8
Josephine Hugle 6
Elizabeth Hugle 18
Reese Hugle 9
--------
Name: Elijah Hugle (Son)
[Elizah Hugle]
Age: 27
Birth Date: Aug 1877
Birthplace: Alabama
Home in 1900: Meadows Crossroads, Lee, Alabama
Race: Black
Gender: Male
Relation to Head of House: Head
Marital Status: Married
Spouse's Name: Rosa L Hugle
Marriage Year: 1899
Years Married: 1
Father's Birthplace: Georgia
Mother's Birthplace: Alabama
Household Members:
Name Age
Elijah Hugle 27
Rosa L Hugle 20
Mattie B Hugle 6/12
--------------
BLACK PUBLICATIONS
In Lee County there were none but maybe in Tuskeegee.
Most of the Black folks in rural areas could not read even with a second or third grade education and advertisers could not sell more.
Publications targeted to African American audiences that featured illustrations and photographs began appearing in the early 1900s. One of the earliest to effectively use illustrations and photography was The Crisis, the official publication of the NAACP. Seeking to educate and inform its readers with scholarly articles, the covers of the journal and its entertainment section were designed to appeal to the masses of African Americans.
In the 1930s, we see pictorial magazines such as Abbott’s Monthly, published by Robert Sengstacke Abbott, the founder of the Chicago Defender newspaper, and Flash, which billed itself as a “weekly newspicture magazine.” Published in Washington, D.C., Flash contained a mixture of news, gossip and advertisements and articles on racial issues, providing an overview of the highs and the lows of Black life in the 1930's.
In 1942, African American businessman John H. Johnson founded the Johnson Publishing Company, a corporation that would go on to publish the well-known magazines Ebony, Jet, Tan, and Ebony Jr.
The magazines promoted African American achievements and affirmative black imagery in popular culture, which appealed to readers and to advertisers. Mr. Johnson was a savvy businessman and used the statistics of a rising black middle class to persuade companies and businesses that it was in their economic “self-interest” to advertise in his magazines to reach African American consumers.
With the success of the Johnson Publishing Company’s magazines, other magazines targeted to African Americans quickly came on the scene. For example, in 1947 Horace J. Blackwell published Negro Achievements, a magazine highlighting African American success articles and featuring reader-submitted true confessions stories. After Blackwell died in 1949, a white businessman named George Levitan bought the company and renamed the publication Sepia. This publication featured columns by writer John Howard Griffin, a white man who darkened his skin and wrote about his treatment in the segregated South, that eventually became the best-selling book Black Like Me.
Whether featuring positive images of African Americans, inspiration stories, news features or commentaries on racism, the rise of African American magazines defied long-held racial stereotypes through rich storytelling, in-depth reporting, and stunning photography.
Due to a variety of economic, editorial, and other factors, most of these magazines have ceased being published. Yet today some African American magazines are still a thriving part of popular culture. Johnson Publishing Company’s Ebony and its digital sites reach nearly 72% of African Americans and have a following of over 20.4 million people.
Inscription
April 12, 2015
The marker is being configured by Kirby Nunn of Opelika, AL
It will be a joint marker for Elijah and Rosa Lee Hugley.
Family Members
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