Nobel Prize in Physics Recipient. Dr. Kai Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn, a Swedish scientist, received the 1981 Nobel Prize for Physics, sharing the reward with Nicolass Bloembergen, a Dutch-born American scientist, and Arthur Schawlow, an American scientist. He received his award according to the Nobel Prize committee "for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy." In the 1950s, Dr. Siegbahn developed very exact methods for analyzing the energy in electrons emitted from radioactive materials or from atoms and molecules when they are excited by X-rays. The development of this so called electron spectroscopy with very high resolution led to, among other things, the discovery that the energy levels of electrons depends on the atom's chemical surroundings. This has led to the often used Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis, ESCA. During the 1970s ESCA was adopted world-wide for analyzing materials, including the particles in polluted air and the surfaces of solid catalysts used in petroleum refining. As with many other finds in science, the value of the find may take years to know the importance. Born Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn, he was the younger of two sons of Manne Siegbahn, the 1925 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics. He admitted that his father led him at a young age to study science. This is not the first father and son to be recipients of the Nobel Prize as there have been several families with generations receiving the Nobel Prize, such as four members of the Curie family. From 1936 to 1942 he studied mathematics, physics and chemistry at Uppsala University from 1936 to 1942, receiving his PhD degree in Stockholm in 1944. He held a position of researcher at the Nobel Institute from Physics from 1942 to 1951 and became a Professor of Physics at the Royal Institute of Technology from 1951 to 1954 and later at Uppsala University from 1954 to 1984, when he retired. Besides becoming a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Science on December 14, 1985, he was a member of the Academy of Engineering Sciences, the Academy of Arts and Science of Uppsala, Norwegian Academy of Science, Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and honored membership to other countries' societies including France, Germany, China and Russia. He received seven honorary doctorate degrees from universities around the world. In 1957 he was the founder and editor of the "International Journal of Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research." Starting in 1955, he was published in numerous scientific periodicals and gave a host of lectures including one at the 1981 Nobel Prize presentation. He died at the family's summer home in Angelholm.